Ability of silicon chips to tackle Big data

To transmit information for future computing there is a major advantage in the ability to use light instead of electrical signals. The integration of electrical circuits with different optical components side-by-side on a single silicon chip using, for the first time, sub-100nm semiconductor technology is allowed by SILICON NANOPHOTONICS which is also known as the breakthrough technology.

Silicon Nanophotonics provides a super highway for large volumes of data to move at rapid speeds and it uses pulses of light for communication and “This allows us to move silicon nanophotonics technology into a real-world manufacturing environment that will have impact across a range of applications and alleviating the limitations of congested data traffic and high-cost traditional interconnects. Due to an explosion of new applications and services the amount of data being created and transmitted over enterprise networks continues to grow. Silicon Nanophotonics can enable the industry to keep pace with increasing demands

Silicon seamlessly connects various parts of large systems due to which nanophotonics technology can provide answers to Big Data challenges whether few centimeters or few kilometers apart from each other, and move terabytes of data via pulses of light through optical fibres. A new era of computing that requires systems to process and analyze, in real-time, huge volumes of information known as Big Data. A variety of silicon nanophotonics components such as wavelength division multiplexers (WDM), modulators, and detectors are integrated side-by-side with a CMOS electrical circuitry by adding a few processing modules into a high-performance 90nm CMOS fabrication line.IBM's CMOS nanophotonics innovation shows handsets to surpass the information rate of 25Gbps for every channel. What's more, the innovation is fit for bolstering various parallel optical information streams into a solitary fiber by using minimized on-chip wavelength-division multiplexing gadgets. The capacity to multiplex huge information streams at high information rates will permit future scaling of optical interchanges fit for conveying terabytes of information between far off parts of PC frameworks.

Nanocarbon and Its Bioactivity

Aim of this topic is the production, characterization, modification and biological properties investigation of carbon based nanostructured materials for biosensing applications and in particular for the development of a DNA detection device.The first stage  is aimed to produce worthwhile quantities of vertically well-oriented multi-walled carbon nanotubes on uncoated silicon substrates by a simple and economical chemical vapor deposition process.

The as-grown material will be characterized and then chemically modified Subsequently. The chemical modification is the reason of the tuning of the chemical properties of the CNTs and It allows a different response to different biomolecules. Several functionalization treatments will be attempted to tailor the CNT properties for the foreseen applications. the chemical insertion of nucleic acids, proteins and other biological molecules on CNTs consequently will make possible to produce nano-biological sensors which is allowed by the presence of reactive groups on the material surface. The ferromagnetic particles trapped inside the CNT hollow cavities, can enable the production of systems that can migrate below a magnetic field effect.

To make them biocompatible and useful as biosensors or as coatings for biomedical devices, The interaction of biomolecules with CNTs will be studied. The interaction mechanisms between CNT surface and blood are characterized by a complex series of events that are yet not clearly understood. The aim of this research activity is to investigate the relationship between surface properties (chemistry, hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity and topography) and biological responses such as the composition and structure of the adsorbed plasma protein layer and platelet adhesion/activation properties. In this work the behavior of CNTs compared to various forms of carbon (pyrolitic carbon, nanocrystalline graphite and amorphous carbon) will be investigated.Besides the study of conformation and orientation of adherent proteins, the adhesion extent of various DNA (oligonucleotides, genomic DNA) structures will be evaluated to gain fundamental knowledge useful for both the development of CNT based biosensors and the development of an innovative materials for genomic DNA isolation (see Latemar project on Lab-on-Chip).

Making of Error Free Nanostructure using Protein “Rebar” which is better than DNA Origami

Strands of DNA can fit together like Lego blocks to make nanoscale objects of complex shape and structure. So DNA is also the stuff of nanotechnology. To realize a key goal: building durable miniature devices such as biosensors and drug-delivery containers, researchers need to work with much larger collections of DNA which is been difficult because Floppiness of long chains of DNA  and the standard method of assembling long chains is prone to error.

RecA, the DNA binding proteins are useful as a kind reinforcing bar, to support the floppy DNA scaffolding by constructing several of the largest rectangular, linear and other shapes which have ever assembled from DNA by the researchers of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) .these are two to three times larger than those built using standard DNA self-assembly techniques. Reduction of the number of errors in constructing the shapes is required by using fewer chemically distinct pieces to build organized structures which are known as DNA origami.

The NIST scientists integrated filaments of RecA into the assembly of DNA structures. The advantage is it automatically attracts other units to line up alongside it if Once one unit of the protein binds to a small segment of double-stranded DNA. RecA stretches, widens and strengthens the DNA strands for which 2-nanometer-wide strand of DNA can transform into a rigid structure more than four times as wide. The RecA method greatly extends the ability of DNA self-assembly methods to build larger and more sophisticated structures.

In DNA origami, short strands of DNA with particular sequence of four base pairs are used as staples to tie together in long sections of DNA. By quickly using up the long string, the strand may loop back on itself to make the skinny DNA skeleton stronger and thicker. The new method goes beyond the DNA origami techniques. The skinny piece of single-stranded DNA lies in between the location of the short, single-stranded pieces of DNA that act as staples mark. A section of the long piece of single-stranded DNA into the double-stranded version of the molecule is transformed by the enzyme DNA polymerase.

RecA assembles all along the double strand and limiting the need for extra staples to maintain its shape. RecA method is likely able to build organized structures with fewer errors than DNA origami with the use of fewer staple.

NEXT WAVE PHOTODETECTOR USING GRAPHENE

To develop a new type of photodetector, Researchers from UCLA are using graphene which has superior sensing and imaging capabilities and is able to work with several different types of light. Due to the ability to absorb energy from a broad swath of the electromagnetic spectrum Graphene is able to detect photons —from ultraviolet light to visible light to the infrared and microwave bands.
The researchers placed strips of graphene to create the improved photodetector over a silicon dioxide layer, which covers a base of silicon. They then created a series of comb-like nanoscale patterns comprised of gold with about 100 nanometer wide teeth. The graphene can catch the incoming photons and convert them into an electrical signal. The gold comb-shaped nanopatterns transfer the information into a processor and the processor even under low-light conditions produces a comparably high-quality image.
As per emih Cakmakyapan, a UCLA postdoctoral scholar and the lead author of the study,“This design efficiently produces an electrical signal which follows ultrafast and subtle variations in the light's intensity over the entire spectral range, from visible to infrared.”In different imaging devices, Different photodetectors sense different parts of the light spectrum and create images from the patterns. To sense thermal radiation invisible to the naked eye at night, Photodetectors can be used or in cameras that can identify chemicals in the environment by how they reflect light.
Depending on their operating speed, their sensitivity to lower levels of light and how much of the spectrum they can sense.

The photodetectors can sense different types of light largely which It has proven difficult for engineers to improve a photodetector’s capability in one specific area without diminishing at least one of the other two areas.
The new and improved photodetector represents an improvement in all three areas as it operates across a broad range of light, processes images more quickly and is more sensitive to low levels of light than current photodetectors. Our photodetector could extend the potential uses of photodetectors in imaging and sensing systems,” Mona Jarrahi, a professor of electrical and computer engineering, who led the study, said in a statement. “It could be used in environmental sensing technologies to more accurately identify the concentration of pollutants.”It could also dramatically improve thermal imaging in night vision or in medical diagnosis applications where precise differences in temperatures can give doctors a lot of information on their patients.

Application of Platinum Nanoparticle in Graphene Electrodes

Using platinum nanoparticle, graphene electrode impedance could be lower by 100times and transparent. The lower impedance graphene electrodes were able to record an image neuronal activity, such as Calcium ion spikes, at both macro cell and single cell levels. Graphene electrodes enable higher quality imaging of brain cell activity. Recently graphene electrode is a step closer to being adapted into next-generation brain imaging technologies and various basic neuroscience and medical applications.

Researchers have been exploring graphene electrodes for use in neural implants. They have several advantages over the traditional metal electrodes. They are flexible So they can confirm better to brain tissue. Also, they are transparent, which makes them possible to both record and see the activities of neurons directly beneath the electrodes that would otherwise be blocked by opaque metal materials.

Graphene electrodes are under high impedance, This hampers communication between the brain and the recording devices. The noisy reading comes as a result. The transparency of metal will be ruined if researchers try various techniques to reduce the impedance of the graphene, researchers have developed a technique to engineer graphene electrodes those are both 100times lower in impedance and transparent.

Gold Coated Nanorobots for detoxification of Toxic fluids from Blood

Researchers are making Nanorobots by giving Gold nanowires coat with a hybrid of platelets and red blood cell membranes. The hybrid cell membrane coating allows the nanorobots to perform different tasks of two different cells at a time. platelets, which bind pathogens like MRSA bacteria and red blood cells, which absorb and neutralize the toxin produced by these bacteria. Due to the gold coating nanorobots respond to ultrasound so that it can rapidly swim without chemical fuel. Due to this movement, the nanorobot efficiently mixes with the bacteria and toxins in the blood and speed up detoxification.

We can impart new capabilities on tiny robots such as removal of pathogens and toxins from the body and from the other matrices, by integrating natural cell coatings onto synthetic Nanomachines. If we will combine platelets and blood cell membranes into each nanorobot coatings then platelet targets bacteria, while red blood cells target and neutralize the toxins of those bacteria produced

High-frequency sound waves are effective to fuse the membrane together. With the separation of entire membranes from platelets and red blood cells, the hybrid coating is created. To make the nanorobots, researchers coated the hybrid membranes onto gold nanowires using specific surface chemistry.

The Nanorobots can travel up to 35micro meters per second in blood when powered by ultrasound.they are about 25times smaller than the width of human hair. In tests, researches used the nanorobots to treat blood samples contaminated with MRSA and their Toxins. As a result, these blood samples had three times fewer bacteria and toxins than affected samples. To make it economical, the scientists are working on making nanorobots out of biodegradable materials instead of gold.                                                                                                                     

The data at light speed moves by Nanowire

Recently Researchers of Nanotechnology have discovered a new way of production of Nanoscale wire that can serve as tiny, adjustable lasers. These tiny lessers have some excellent performance which is quite promising for the field of Optoelectronics(It is all about combining electronics and light to transmit data among other application). Lasers in a Nanoscale decrement could further bring light-speed data transmission to desktop and transform Computing. A standard technique can require expensive equipment and exotic condition to produce Nanowire.

Caesium, Lead and Bromide(CsPbBr3) are the three components of Nanowire that emits bright laser light after hitting by a pulse from another laser source. The Nanowire laser is very stable, emitting laser light for over an hour. It also was demonstrated to be broadly controllable across green and blue wavelengths. To interface photonic(light-based) with electronic devices, the nanosized wires are being developed.